Modern : Venus and Cupid after Cranach the Elder (Venus and Cupid, the Honey Thief)

Modern : Venus and Cupid after Cranach the Elder (Venus and Cupid, the Honey Thief)

         The Venus and Cupid after Cranach the Elder is painted and hand-signed by Pablo Picasso in Malaga, 1881 - Mougins, 1973

         Firstly proportion, the painting has dimensions is 76.2 cm height and 57.5 cm width. Unity of painting, Venus, in her Cubist form mastered by Picasso, is shown in unnatural proportions with voluptuous hips and breasts, thin limbs, a shrunken head, and an unscrupulous pregnant belly. Modestly covering herself with a diaphanous scarf, she consoles her son, Cupid. Cupid is shown in anguish, as he looks to Venus guiltily with the stolen hive in hand, suffering for his offense.

         Secondary similarity and contrast, This painting has developed in geometric way and unnatural proportions within artwork  from Venus and Cupid, the Honey Thief in 1472-1553, that time is more real texture and color but Modern has only 3 color with white, black and blackgrown is brown. The shape of Venus in Modern painting is abstract design and create.

         Thirdly emphasis, Cupid complains to Venus of being stung by bees when stealing a honeycomb. This is to be taken as a moral commentary as the inscription observes is life's pleasure is mixed with pain in unnatural, abstract art and contrast color.

         Lastly, in Modern period has more logic thinking in design with unnatural on artwork but it still can see what it is. So most of artwork about venus is copied the past venus on artwork. This painting is more abstract in texture and scale and less color that's contrast on artwork than the past.

                                           1472–1553 

Venus and Cupid

Industrial Revolution painting : The Birth of Venus (Cabanel)

Industrial Revolution painting  : The Birth of Venus (Cabanel)

        The Birth of Venus was painted by Alexandre Cabanel

        Firstly proportion, the painting has dimensions 130 cm height and 225 cm width. Unity of Venus, she has individual power.  With her power, she seems to own her nudity and her sexuality. Overview has Venus is nude in relax sleeping on the sea wave that is distinctive point and foreground, 5 Cupids take care her in collateral scene that is middle ground and In the Background is view of sky and view of sea with mountain. 

        Secondary similarity and contrast, texture is oil  on canvas, so the painter painted of Venus, the lightest of color used in The Birth of Venus alludes to the lightness and enlightenment of relaxation, amplifying the reclining nude’s placid demeanor and virginity. The contraposto twist of the figure with the melodramatic swoop of the arm over the face comes directly from his previous paintings. Venus herself takes over the entire front of the picture plane. Her hair has been deepened, adding more to her allure and purity. The Birth of Venus was one of a multitude of female nudes. Bathed in opalescent colors, Venus shyly looks to the viewer from beneath the crook of her elbow. Manet presented his now renowned painting “Olympia” at the Salon as well. Manet painted Olympia with pale, placid skin tone, and darkly outlined the figure. Her only seemingly modest gesture is her placement of her hand over her leg, though it is not out of shyness- one must pay before they can see. The Olympia is often compared to Cabanel’s Birth of Venus, for the latter is a far more sexually appealing work, despite its mythological guise. It is evident Manet’s demythologizing of the female nude was foremost a timely reminder of modern realities. The majority of critics attacked the painting with unmitigated disgust. 

        Thirdly emphasis, Cabanel depicts personality, but in subtle ways through her relaxed posture and sleepy expression. It is as if the viewer is catching a glimpse of a goddess simply basking in the nature that enfolds her. She is calm, and asks nothing with her gaze. She is a part of her surroundings and the viewer is privy to behold upon the scene. Over time, Alexandre developed what would become his signature style. It was his attention to detail that made him popular in the nineteenth century.

        Lastly, This Venus has developed from the painting of The Birth of  Venus in Renaissance period. This Venus has more beautiful women scale, too much spreader in line of details and color but this painting has used real life color of Venus, Cupid, sea and sky background and real texture of human scale and background so that used less color than Renaissance. She is nude in sleeping attitude and over her has Cupids means in Christianity way that shows they still believe in religion of Christianity. This artwork has real lighting within shade and shadow in painting that they have to blend color.

Industrial Revolution sculpture : Venus Victrix (Canova)

Industrial Revolution : Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix

        Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix or Venus Victorious is semi-nude life-size reclining Neo-Classical portrait sculpture by the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova between 1804 and 1808. She is the Princess Borghese. 
    
        Firstly, proportion of the sculpture has size 160 cm height and 192 cm length. In human scale, the statue has clear women shape within relax attitude and semi-nude. She wears wrap, bracelet on her right hand and headdress. Unity of Venus, The reclining Pauline Bonaparte in the center of the room holds an apple in her hand evoking the Venus Victrix in the judgement of Paris, who was chosen to settle a dispute between Juno is power, Minerva are arts and science and Venus is love. The wooden base, draped like a catafalque, once contained a mechanism that caused the sculpture to rotate, as in the case of other works by Canova. And this sculpture has used materials between base and Venus of continuation divisibly. Repetition and rhythm of her sofa is achieved in pattern and balancing.
      
        Secondary, similarity and contrast of Neo-Classical portrait sculpture is reviving the ancient Roman artistic traditions of portrayals of mortal individuals in the guise of the gods, and of the beautiful female form reclining on a couch as most often seen in reclining portrayals of Hermaphroditi. Venus holds an apple in her hand means evoking Aphrodite's victory in the Judgement of Paris. Material of Venus is white marble and base is wooden, that has realism of texture in sculpture whether Venus, base, and sofa. Base of Venus is sofa that has designed Geometric, flowers pattern and curtain. 

        Thirdly, emphasis This marble statue of Pauline in a highly refined pose is considered a supreme example of the Neoclassical style. Antonio Canova executed this portrait without the customary drapery of a person of high rank, an exception at the time, thus transforming this historical figure into a goddess of antiquity in a pose of classical tranquillity and noble simplicity.

        Lastly, this period has emphasised in realism of texture and more relax attitude of Venus. Her action is eating apple and half sitting half lying, so that means victrix. Meaning of this sculpture has shown they believe in luck.  
        

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Baroque : Rokeby Venus

Baroque : Rokeby Venus

        Rokeby Venus or Venus at Her Mirror is Baroque style in c.1647-1651. This is the only surviving example of a female nude by Diego Valazquez. The subject was rare in Spain because it met with the disapproval of the Church is reasons of religious scruple, the female nude was rarely represented in Spanish art.

        Firstly, proportion of painting has size 122 cm height and 177 cm width. The unity of painting, the very genesis may have been an act of reflection. The suggestion has been made that it was designed as a harmonious contrast to a nude Venus. The paining is shown nude back of Venus on her bed with her son Cupid, who holds up a mirror for her to look both at herself and at the viewer. The painting is oil technique and mythological painting.

        Secondary, similarity and contrast, only the presence of the plumply and innocently deferential Cupid transforms her into a goddess. The painter has moulded her body with infinitely scrupulous and tender gradations of color, white, pink, grey and muted black and red, and the grey-black satin which reflects on her luminous skin itself shimmers with pearly reflections of flesh-tones. Streaks of pink, white and grey loop in ribbons around the ebony frame of the mirror. Even more astonishing is the single brushstroke, laden with black paint, tracing the line that runs beneath her body from the middle of the back to below her calf. Both the exact notation of appearance and such free and spontaneous touches are the fruit of lengthy meditation and practice.

        Thirdly, emphasis of the painting is known as 'The Rokeby Venus' because it was in the Morritt Collection at Rokeby Park. Venus, the goddess of Love, was the most beautiful of the goddesses, and was regarded as a personification of female beauty. The paining is shown nude back of Venus with her son Cupid, who holds up a mirror for her to look both at herself and at the viewer. 

        Lastly, in Baroque period has more logic within their thinking on artwork than the past. This painting has more reality color and texture like a natural life rather than the past. Moreover it has clear shade and shadow, so this period has play lighting in painting. The Venus in this painting is very beautiful shape although just see only her back and glimmers of her face in the mirror by oil technique.   

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Renaissance : The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)

                  

Renaissance : The Birth of Venus

        The Birth of venus is probably Botticelli's most famous painting tempera on canvas in the Renaissance period around c.1486 at Uffizi, Florence. Art historians who specialize in the Italian Renaissance have found a Neoplatonic interpretation, which was most clearly articulated by Ernst Gombrich, to be the most enduring way to understand the painting. Botticelli represented the Neoplatonic idea of divine love in the form of a nude Venus.

        Firstly, proportion of painting has dimensions 172.5 cm height and 278.5 cm width. The Venus has nude and beautiful women appearance. Unity of Venus has standing composition on the shell that float on the water in the center of painting, so round of her have Zephyrus, God of winds, he carries with him the gentle breeze Aura and together they blow the Goddess of Love ashore. The Horae, Goddess of the Seasons, waits to receive Venus and spreads out a flower covered robe in readiness for the Love Goddess arrival. that felt their minds lifted to the realm of divine love.

        

        Secondary, similarity and contrast of this painting has reality color and described the attitude of venus in Christianity way. The Venus is the main gravity to describe that has position in the center of painting and minor gravity is round of her to expand that has position in the right of painting is Goddess of love and in thee left of painting is God of wind. So the painting is fine art and balance of image that arranged  to describe the meaning of painting. Texture of painting has sea wave and feeling of wind that makes the clothes, flowers, wrap and their hair has waft moving.  

        Thirdly, emphasis of painting has the Venus is standing on the shell that floating on the water is the main distinctive point and minor are her right side is the god of wind and her left side has the goddess of love receive her ashore. Venus had two aspects, she was an earthly goddess who aroused humans to physical love or she was a heavenly goddess who inspired intellectual love in them. That there might be other ways to interpret Botticelli's mythological paintings. In particular, both Primavera and Birth of Venus have been seen as wedding paintings that suggest appropriate behaviors for brides and grooms. The Madonna whose purity is represented by the nude Venus. Once draped in earthly garments she becomes a personification of the Christian Church which offers a spiritual transport back to the pure love of eternal salvation. The sea brings forth Venus just as the Virgin gives birth to the ultimate symbol of love, Christ.

        Lastly, in Renaissance period shown the women has very long hair, more soft waft moving and more feeling in emotion in the painting than Medieval period and the past. The painting has describe to connect each point nicely that is easy to look, so it starts from the left to the right with the Venus in the center proceeds. The sea brings forth Venus just as the Virgin gives birth to the ultimate symbol of love, Christ. That shows the imaginary about the religion of Christianity that they still believe in. This period has thought about the composition in artwork and started the perspective and layers of foreground, middle ground and back ground but this painting has unclear in perspective to looking.  

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Medieval : Virgin Hodegetria

       

Medieval : Virgin Hodegetria

        The Venus in Medieval period is hardly to find a research and I choose statue follows a very widespread painting type that called the Virgin Hodegetria. Place of origin of the statue is Istanbul, Turkey and made in late 10th century to early 11th century. Statuary in the round is almost unknown in Byzantine Art, that this is the sole surviving.

        Firstly, proportion of this statue has dimensions 32.7 cm height, 9.2 cm width, 5.2 cm depth and 1.28 kg weight. That is small and easy to move. In unity the Virgin holds Christ in her right hand while making a gesture toward him, indicating that he is the way to salvation. The Virgin's gesture makes her our guide to salvation and explains the appellation. Christ appears in a chiton and himation, while holding a rituals  attributes of a classical philosopher that were adopted from Hellenistic art. Christ is represented not as an infant, but rather as the Logos, the eternal Word. The carving emphasises the elongated proportions of the figures and is overall restrained and refined.

        Secondary, similarity and contrast of the Mother of God Hedegetria is ivory figure that carved in the round. The Virgin Mary is important religious figures because she is standing and holding her son as Christ's Mother, so their movement look like about love, anxious and edification. Texture and technique of ivory statue was crack because of carving and period of time. This sculpture is smaller than Ancient Greek and Roman.

        Thirdly, emphasis of this statue historical significance that the Virgin and Child was an especially popular subject for Byzantine artists. These representations were invariably in relief, either on a large scale in marble or in smaller versions ivory, metalwork or semi precious stones. Most artwork of the Virgin stress her role as Christ's Mother, showing her standing and holding her son. So this sculpture means Mary in Jesus Christ of Christianity. The Virgin Mary, known as the Theotokos in Greek terminology, was central to Byzantine spirituality as one of its most important religious figures. Although the statuette is the only known Byzantine ivory sculpture carved entirely in the round, it is closely related to a small group of Virgin and Child ivory reliefs in Utrecht, liege, Hamburg and New York, which originally formed the centres of triptychs. 

        Lastly, in Medieval period has shown they believed in Christianity and their clothes style to wear. The statue has action and feeling like love between mother and her son. The development is feeling and made for religion, love and anxious to learn the edification and pray. This venus is mother rather than the beauty of women body shape. And distinctive point is her son that describe the religion way of Christianity.  

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Roman : The Venus of Capua

Roman : The Venus of Capua

        In this period  has many beautiful Venus in sculpture. I choose the Venus of capua that is in Roman, A.D. 117-138 and was discovered at the amphitheater in Capua, in Southern Italy. Venus becomes symbolize Rome's imperial power and this is one of the best sculpture known as Aphrodite "VENUS DE CAPUA" that roman copy from Greek statue on C4th BC.

        Firstly, Similarity and Contrast of Venus of Capua is statuary type representing a semi-naked Aphrodite. She has more texture with line in details of muscle, hair and wrap rather than Greek preferably her movement. So movement of venus looks interesting in described free-standing attitude, with her head turned to the left  and her arms extended in the same direction, an with her foot resting on a helmet. The way in which her arms and hands are extended to the left side, that she could have been holding the shield of her lover, therefore It is a suggestion. Her The figure is the wrap was undraped to the hip, and she is the Victrix type. When we focus in her hands and her legs its seem like her delicate dance pleasure sacrifice for love and peace.

        Secondary, unity significantly, perhaps the skin around figure body covering from marble material, so that is main material. It completely represented strengrth of hardness. Answering why venus was appeal symbolize and strengthened unity of powerful that she is the Victrix type. Technique for making this sculpture was neatly. Proportion of Venus is 87 inch high or height 2.04 metres scale relative to human life size. She is perfect harmony of form and proportion. So emphasis of Venus was familiarly companion with love and beauty goddess and over all image made venus particular to the roman goddess. In Roman religion, Venus have more matronly character than Aphrodite, and empresses were regularly identified with her. Denoting wifely virtues of fertility and decency, Venus's figure types were used for portrait sculpture of both imperial and citizen women in roman. 

            

         Lastly, in Roman period have more soft feeling than the past. The Meaning of statue of venus is goddess of love that I impress about aesthetic act of this sculptures. its look fascinating different from the other venus statues. These speculations are perhaps showing proportion of this figure general style but this period style is not much different in details with Ancient Greek in human scale, so Roman has emulated from Ancient Greek and just have more soft movement details for meaningful in art work.      

The Venus of Capua

                          The Lovatelli Venus                                    The Mazarin Venus                                                      
Compare and Conformity with other Venus such as The Lovatelli Venus and The Mazarin Venus

         In similarity and contrast: They have the body are statuary type representing a semi-naked Aphrodite. Also they have a warp to overlay the suspension that is same part of statue and they are goddess of love. The materials of them is same that made from marble, their texture of their hair are resemble. In the movement, they have different in composition and attitude and 2 of Venus in the lower picture that have added the supporting character meaning of them. The Lovatelli Venus has a little women under her left arm and holding wrap on left hand. The Mazarin Venus has a dolphin at her left side too but she holding warp 2 hands. The Venus of Capua is not holding warp and free hands moving. And only the Lovatelli Venus has color in warp, that it is gold.

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